Lombard conception of justice Free Essays

Though it is very little known of the specific details of Lombard life, the Lombard legal codes have been preserved for a modern generation in a Latin document known as the Lombard Laws. The group of editors has arranged a wide collection of readings, related to the progress of Western civilization, from various historical epochs and all regions of Europe under the title Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations. In this book in Chapter 8 called Rome’s Three Heirs: The Byzantine, Islamic, and Early Medieval Worlds we can find a reliable source of information on Lombard legislation concept. We will write a custom essay sample on Lombard conception of justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Lombard Laws were presented in a codification of the prevailing German customs relating to family, kingship, marriage, social obligation, possessions, and resolving conflicts. These Laws were written down between the middle of the seventh and the middle of the eighth centuries under the direction of several Lombard kings. The earlier laws were issued by King Rothair in 643. The Lombard Laws partially were aimed at avoiding the blood feud or vendetta. This was a kind of traditional form of redress in society at that time. If a member of the clan was wronged, his family would often injure or kill the offending party, launching a blood feud that could last for generations. However, during the transformation to farming life and living in fixed communities, traditional methods of violence and retribution could have disturbed the population too much. Thus the Lombard Kings sought to replace violent blood feuds with a monetary penalty called composition that was paid directly to the person harmed by a crime (or their family). These penalties were expressed in solidi (a monetary unit), and they were closely related to the wergeld (personal worth) of an individual in society. Also the laws served for strict protection of the property and produce of a family. For example crime of selling another man’s property without permission entailed very serious consequences for the infringer – the guilty party is required to return the stolen property eightfold, unless they can proclaim their innocence in front of witnesses. The use of witnesses testifies the increasing sophistication of the Lombard society. These laws are important from historical point of view as far as they present the description of the values and beliefs of early medieval Italians and give the picture of how a new empire is founded (that is a Germanic, illiterate culture merges with a Roman, literate one). References: Brophy, James, et al. Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations. 2nd ed. 2 vols. W.W. Norton and Company, 2002. How to cite Lombard conception of justice, Essay examples

Effective Project Management Methodologies Process †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effective Project Management Methodologies Process. Answer: Introduction Adaptive methodologies are methodologies that were developed to substitute the traditional methods of system development that followed a predictive approach. Adaptive methodologies were formulated to be used for projects that evolve as the system is developed through a cycle pf phases. Adaptive methodologies adapt to the changes in requirements for projects which are started within uncertain requirements (Icasas, 2014). Adaptive methodologies emphasize on team work where every team member is involved in the development of the project though a special role assigned to that team member. This helps build confidence in team members involved in the development of a project (Olik, 2017). There are many types of adaptive methodologies but this report focuses on The Unified Process (UP) and how it can be used be suited for the development of the Comfort Quilts Limited. The unified process is a process through which a team performs a set of activities aimed at transforming the requirements of a customer to a fully working software system. The unified process is not a definite process which has a set of rules and guidelines which are supposed to be strictly followed but its a customizable framework which can be customized by adding or removing a set of activities on the basis of the needs brought about by the customer and the project, and the resources that are available for the development of the project. The unified process is an adaptive framework that uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to help simplify the project thus making easy for the development team to understand any complexities that may arise in defining requirements of the software (Scott, 2001). Use of UML helps the team of developers to build models that visualize the architecture of the system by showing the structure and the behavior of the system. UML also helps in the actual implementation of the system and documentation of the project as the project continues. The unified process is use case driven. A use case is a sequence of actions that are performed by different actors and internally by the system itself to produce results to achieve a user a goal set by the actors. The actors can be people who are the end users of the system or external systems that interact with the system. For Comfort Quilts Limited, the actors are the customers, suppliers, managers among other end users that interact with the system. The use cases are derived from the end users view or perspective of the system thus the client feels comfortable as he can understand the requirements of the proposed system through the use case diagram. The use cases are expressed in natural language to make it easy for members in the development team and the client team to understand. Use cases are easily understood as they solve complex requirements into less complex requirements thus its easy to trace the requirements throughout the development life cycle. The unified process is architecture-centric. The architecture of a system is the fundamental organization of the whole system. For the develop of Comfort Quilts Limited Information System, architecture will be the fundamental foundation on which the system will be developed. The development team must work to ensure that the development of the system must be done to achieve the desired architecture of the system while addressing the use cases to get the key aspects of the system. Architecture of the proposed system is very important to the development of the project because of the following reasons; Helps stakeholders for example the development team to get the bigger picture. Helps organize the development effort of the development team. Helps facilitate possibilities for reuse of different components of the system. Helps manage an evolving system. Helps guide use cases which drive the architecture of a system. The unified process is incremental and iterative Iteration is a subdivision of the whole project that is released internally to the development team or externally to Comfort Quilts Limited. End of an iteration results to a working version of the system. The system improves in functionality incrementally with every iteration that is completed. Flexible to change in requirements The unified process is able to adapt to changes in requirements as the system is developed iteratively. With each iteration, the development team is able to assess and get a review from the client. The feedback can be used to continually improve the previous iterations or can be incorporated in the next increments thus making it easy to deal with uncertainties that arise in changes in requirements (Scott, 2017). The iterative approach of developing the system followed by the unified process makes it easy for the development team to focus on the most critical risks that arise in the early stages of the development. The risks can be technical risks, architectural risks or requirement risks. Development of a project is done through a sequence of cycles where at the end of every cycle, a new version of the system is released. Every cycle is divided into phases. At the end of every phase a milestone is achieved (Qureshi, 2017). The four phases in every cycle of the unified process are; The inception phase is the phase the development team and the client team work to determine and establish whether it is viable to undertake the project. The elaboration phase is the phase that the project team will determine the ability of the development team to develop the proposed Comfort Quilt Limited System given the schedule constraints, financial constraints including resources and other constraints that may arise when the project commences. The construction phase is the phase the actual development or building of the proposed Comfort Quilts System is done incrementally and iteratively to deliver a working and better version of the system with each increment. The transition phase is the final phase on which the Comfort Quilts information system will be deployed for use by the end users. The unified process is the most suited adaptive methodology as it enables modelling of the proposed system using the unified modelling language which will help in decomposing the requirements of the system into structural and behavioral requirements of the Comfort Quilt Limited system. Event Event Type Trigger Source Activity/Use Case System Response/ Output Destination Fill application External New supplier purchase supplier Fill application Application sent to the supplier Purchase manager View application External New application Purchase manager View application Display details of application Purchase manager Update status of application External Application review Purchase manager Update application status Application status updated Purchase manager Send application review notification Internal Application status update System Send notification email A notification email was sent to the applicant Supplier Make order External New order Purchase manager Make order Order sent to the supplier Supplier View order External New order supplier View order Display order details supplier Process a new order External New order Supplier Process order Order processed successfully Supplier Record Order shipment details External New shipments Purchase manager Record shipment details Shipment details recorded successfully Purchase manager Generate report on individual purchases External Report generation Purchase manager Generate individual purchases report Display report Purchase manager Generate individual shipment reports External Report generation Purchase manager Generate individual shipment report Display report Purchase manager Generate shipping reports External Report generation Purchase manager Generate shipping reports Display report Purchase manager Generate general purchases report External Report generation Owner(Allison William) Generate purchases report Display report Owner (Allison William) Generate shipment arrival date reports External Report generation Owner (Allison William) Generate shipment report Display report Owner (Allison William) Generate Shipping method reports External Report generation Owner (Allison William) Generate shipping method report Display report Owner (Allison William) Use Case ID: U1 Use Case Name: Create supplier Created By: Author Last Updated By: Author Date Created: 20/09/2017 Date Last Updated: 20/09/2017 Actors: Purchase manager Description: Purchase manager approves an application sent by a supplier to add a new customer Trigger: Approve application Preconditions: The supplier must have sent an application Postconditions: The application should be approved or rejected Normal Flow: 1. Purchase manager selects an application sent by a supplier. 2. System displays the application 3. Purchase manager manually reviews the application 4. Purchase manager approves the application 5. System updates the status of the application 6. System sends a notification to the supplier Alternative Flows: 4.1 Purchase manager rejects the application 4.2 Record reason for rejection 4.3 Continue to step 5 Exceptions: Includes: Sending notification Priority: High Frequency of Use: Regularly Business Rules: For a potential supplier to become a supplier to Comfort Quilt limited, the supplier has to send an application Special Requirements: The system validates the application details before they are sent by the sent by the supplier Assumptions: The purchase manager is the only person of reviewing supplier Notes and Issues: The system will have to be configured with a mailing service to send notifications via email so that the supplier can be notified easily on the status of the application References Icasas, P., 2014. 5 More Effective Project Management Methodologies. Easy projects. Available at: https://explore.easyprojects.net/blog/5-effective-project-management-methodologies [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Olik, A., 2017. How to Choose the Right Project Management Methodology. Active Collab LLC. Available at: https://activecollab.com/blog/project-management/how-to-choose-the-right-project-management-methodology [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Qureshi, A., 2017. Project Management Methodologies: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners. Task Que. Available at: https://blog.taskque.com/project-management-methodologies/ [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Scott, K., 2001. Overview of the Unified Process. Inform IT. Available at: https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=24671seqNum=7 [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Scott, L., 2017. What is Adaptive Project Management? PM blog. Available at: https://www.esi-intl.co.uk/blogs/pmoperspectives/index.php/what-is-adaptive-project-management/ [Accessed October 20, 2017].

Cultural Differences and Conflicts in the Workplace

Cultural issues have become more significant in the business world due to the increasing wave of globalization. The operations of organizations that have international operations are affected by many factors, among them being the cultural differences in the different countries of operation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Differences and Conflicts in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Culture is said to be dynamic and evolving continually.1 The increased development and integration of global and regional economies have a significant influence on the evolution of culture. Moreover, different nations have different cultures. For instance, the culture of the United States of America is different from that of other European and South American nations. People in the United States, Germany, and the UK believe in individuality more than teamwork. On the contrary, workers in India and Mexico believe in operating in teams than individuals.2 In the US, Germany, and the UK, people work to protect their own interests, as opposed to safeguarding the interests of their employers. Workers have more personal freedom and autonomy in the US, Germany and the UK, unlike in other nations. Therefore, innovation is high in the three countries. Workers are highly responsive to hierarchy in India and Mexico, as opposed to the US, Germany and the UK. Performance measurement in the US, Germany, and the UK is individualistic, as opposed to Mexico and India, where performance is measured based on groups.3 The approach to workers should be cross-vergence in the UK and Germany. This is where the leader balances between globalization and localization. In Mexico and India, the approach should be divergent because these nations are relatively more conservative. In the United States, the approach should be convergence because the US is a more globalized nation comprised of many cultures. According to the case, most of the problems that Jim is facing are as a result of the different culture in Mexico compared to the culture of the United States. Jim being an American is used to the American culture, thus he is finding it difficult to understand the Mexican employees. First, bureaucracies are not many in the United States, while there are complex bureaucracies in Mexico.4 The power distance in the United States is less compared to the power distance in Mexico.5 Consequently, employees in Mexico are not comfortable discussing issues in the presence of Jim.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jim, on the other hand, is not following the right procedures in conducting the employee meetings. In Mexico, the manager is expected to tell the employees what needs to be done. In the United States, on the other hand, the employees discuss what needs to be done. The other cultural dimension is based on the individualistic and collectiveness index.6 In the US, workers are more individualistic compared to Mexico, where workers believe more in collectiveness. This could be the reason for Jim’s problem with Carlos. Jim did not consult Carlos before and during the meetings. Carlos, probably, thought Jim was acting selfishly, leading to the cold blood between the two. Jim seemed to be less effective in leading the sales team in Mexico, in contrast to the fact that he was highly effective in the same role in the United States. He was viewed as a good problem solver and an effective manager in the US. However, he was less effective in leading the team in Mexico because he did not understand the culture of Mexico.7 The different cultures in the two countries had a major influence on the performance of the manager. A manager needs to understand the culture of a nation to be in a good position to lead the employees. Unless Jim understands the cultural differences between M exico and the US, he will find it difficult to have any positive influence on the sales team. The problem with Carlos is, probably, due to the fact that he is not following the right procedures, as per the Mexican culture, in executing his duties. The fact that Jim also seems not to understand how things are done in the organization could also be another reason for the deteriorating relationship with Carlos. Jim also gave suggestions at a meeting on how to address some issues. Some of the suggestions he gave were not even in his own team. Carlos was probably not happy about this character in Jim.  The reason for Jim’s problems in the coaching meeting is that he posed a question to the employees, instead of telling them what they were supposed to do. He was expected to give directions on what needed to be done, rather than asking them to discuss the problem. Jim needs to adapt to the culture of Mexico in order to do away with his difficulties at work. He needs to take time t o learn the culture so that he can understand the work relations. Understanding the differences and dynamics in the culture of Mexico and the employees will make Jim highly effective in solving any future conflicts, as well as addressing the current problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Differences and Conflicts in the Workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bibliography Luger, E., Hofsteede’s cultural dimensions, München, GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2009. Minkov, M., Cultural differences in a globalizing world, Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing, 2011. Vance, C.M. Paik, Y., Managing a global workforce, 2nd edn, New York, M.E. Sharpe, 2011. Footnotes 1 M. Minkov, Cultural differences in a globalizing world, Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing, 2011, p. 96. 2 CM Vance Y Paik, Managing a global workforce, 2nd edn, New York, M.E. Sharpe, 2011, p. 64. 3 Ibid. 4 CM Vance Y Paik, Managing a global wor kforce, 2nd edn, New York, M.E. Sharpe, 2011, p. 64.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 5 E. Luger, Hofsteede’s cultural dimensions, München, GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2009, p. 15. 6 M. Minkov, Cultural differences in a globalizing world, Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing, 2011, p. 98. 7 M. Minkov, Cultural differences in a globalizing world, Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing, 2011, p. 99. This essay on Cultural Differences and Conflicts in the Workplace was written and submitted by user Braylen Rivers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Appellate Jurisdiction in the US Court System

Appellate Jurisdiction in the US Court System The term â€Å"appellate jurisdiction† refers to the authority of a court to hear appeals to cases decided by lower courts. Courts that have such authority are called â€Å"appellate courts.† The appellate courts have the power to reverse or modify the lower court’s decision. Key Takeaways: Appellate Jurisdiction Appellate jurisdiction is the authority of a court to hear and decide appeals to decisions made by lower courts.In the United States federal court system, cases originally decided in the district courts can be appealed only to the circuit courts of appeals, while decisions of the circuit courts can be appealed only to the U.S. Supreme Court. Decisions of the Supreme Court cannot be further appealed.The right to appeal is not guaranteed by the Constitution. Instead, the appellant must â€Å"show cause† by convincing the appeals court that the trial court had failed to properly apply the laws involved or to follow proper legal procedures.The standards by which an appeals court decides the correctness of a lower court’s decision is base whether the appeal was based on a question of substantive facts of the case or on an incorrect or improper application of the legal process resulting in the denial of due process of law.   While the right to appeal is not bestowed by any law or the Constitution, it is generally considered to be embodied in general tenets of law prescribed by the English Magna Carta of 1215. Under the federal hierarchical dual court system of the United States, the circuit courts have appellate jurisdiction over cases decided by the district courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of the circuit courts. The Constitution gives Congress the authority to create courts under the Supreme Court and to determine the number and location of courts with appellate jurisdiction. Currently, the lower federal court system is made up of 12 geographically located regional circuit courts of appeal which have appellate jurisdiction over 94 district trial courts. The 12 appellate courts also have jurisdiction over specialized cases in involving the federal government agencies, and cases dealing with patent law. In the 12 appellate courts, appeals are heard and decided by three-judge panels. Juries are not used in the appeals courts. Typically, cases decided by the 94 district courts can be appealed to a circuit court of appeals and decisions for the circuit courts can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Supreme Court also has â€Å"original jurisdiction† to hear certain types of cases that may be allowed to bypass the often lengthy standard appellate process. From about 25% to 33% of all appeals heard by federal appellate courts involve criminal convictions. The Right to Appeal Must be Proven Unlike other legal rights guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution, the right to appeal is not absolute. Instead, the party asking for the appeal called the â€Å"appellant,† must convince the appellate jurisdiction court that the lower court had incorrectly applied a law or failed to follow proper legal procedures during the trial. The process of proving such errors by the lower courts is called â€Å"showing cause.† The appellate jurisdiction courts will not consider an appeal unless cause has been shown. In other words, the right to appeal is not required as part of â€Å"due process of law.† While always applied in practice, the requirement to show cause in order to gain the right to appeal was confirmed by the Supreme Court in 1894. In deciding the case of McKane v. Durston, the justices wrote, â€Å"An appeal from a judgment of conviction is not a matter of absolute right, independently of constitutional or statutory provisions allowing such appeal.† The court continued, â€Å"A review by an appellate court of the final judgment in a criminal case, however, grave the offense of which the accused is convicted, was not at common law and is not now a necessary element of due process of law. It is wholly within the discretion of the state to allow or not to allow such a review.† The way in which appeals are dealt with, including determining whether or not the appellant has proven the right to appeal, can vary from state to state. Standards by Which Appeals are Judged The standards by which a court of appeals judges the validity of a lower court’s decision depends on whether the appeal was based on a question of facts presented during the trial or on an incorrect application or interpretation of a law by the lower court. In judging appeals based on facts presented at trial, the court of appeals judges must weigh the facts of the case based on their own firsthand review of the evidence and observation of witness testimony. Unless a clear error in the way the facts of the case were represented to or interpreted by the lower court can be found, the appeals court will generally deny the appeal and allow the decision of the lower court to stand. When reviewing issues of law, the court of appeals may reverse or modify the lower court’s decision if the judges find the lower court wrongly applied or misinterpreted the law or laws involved in the case. The court of appeals may also review â€Å"discretionary† decisions or rulings made by the lower court judge during the trial. For example, the appeals court might find that the trial judge improperly disallowed evidence that should have been seen by the jury or failed to grant a new trial due to circumstances that arose during the trial. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure.† Legal Information Institute. Cornell Law SchoolAbout U.S. Federal Courts.† United States Courts

A memo discussing an issue at work from the perspective of an employee Assignment

A memo discussing an issue at work from the perspective of an employee - Assignment Example The title of â€Å"Operations Manager† seemed to assure me that by joining this company, I would make a nice addition to my existing experience of management, that would be both beneficial for me in my professional career, as well as for the company I join. I thought that being a Senior Operations Manager, I assumed a responsibility to identify the loopholes in the current framework and culture of this company, and devise and implement ways through which they could be precluded. In order to materialize my plans, I first studied the culture of this company, and identified the stakeholders in addition to studying the contract, bill of quantities and all other documents. I also had discussions with employees from various departments in order to study issues that they had that had a significant role in hindering the progress of work. One thing that I particularly found out as a result of this survey and study was that this company lacks flow of communication between individual fun ctional departments. The lack of communication gives rise to lack of awareness. This in turn, causes disparity in the knowledge about status of work between different departments that are fundamentally involved in the operations. The disparity of knowledge results in lack of preparation for the on-going works in the departments. For example, last Monday, I expected the Administration Department to have set a car ready for me and the Consultant so that we could visit the site and I could get the approval of withheld payment against Non Conformance Reports (NCRs). I had indicated the Administration Department about the same one day in advance through a notification memo. However, when the time came, there was no car, and the Administration Manager said that he expected the NCR visit to be due on the following Monday. I had to face embarrassment in front of the Consultant and also, the payments that could have been released last Monday might take another month to be considered for rele ase now. Also, I often experience great difficulty in drawing cash from the Finance Department, as they tend to do a lot of paper work before considering the release of payment, and even after that, feel reluctant to give me the cash. This causes delay in the flow of operations and as a result, progress of the work lags behind schedule. This fundamentally happened so because no one in the company assumes the ultimate responsibility to keep the departments notified. Even if some one takes the charge, the departments would not listen because they would not acknowledge the superiority of any one department over others. In my view, the Senior Operations Manager should have extreme power and rights over other departments because he assumes a central role in the flow of work. But it seems like the functional organization structure is too strong in this company and the functional departments would not listen to my instructions or notifications unless you declare the superiority of Operatio ns Department. Therefore, I request you to arrange a meeting in which you openly declare that all departments are to abide by the instructions of the Senior Operations Manager. The way things are running presently does not let me exercise my abilities as a manager. As a result of which, both the company and I are suffering. Memo 2 To: The Employee From: The Manager Date: 26 January 2011 Subject: Re (Notification of a problem) I am

Prostate cancer among African American men Essay

Prostate cancer among African American men - Essay Example In essay "Prostate cancer among African American men" author describes the connection between genetics, social status, health and cancer occurrence among Afro-American in the USA. Despite an intensive campaign that is directed to men in order for them to undergo regular medical screening, the majority of them are still reluctant resulting to increased cases of deaths caused by prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a major type of cancer that affects the reproductive system of males especially those above the age of 45 years. However, there are cases of insistent prostate cancer that results in major complications on the reproductive system. This paper seeks to discuss medical compliance treatment of prostate cancer among African American men. As mentioned earlier, African-American men are at high risk of prostate cancer development. According to the 2003-2007 US medical report, for every 100,000 African American men, 234.6 cases of prostate cancer were reported in the US as compared to 150.4 cases per 100,000 white men. Due to the high number of cases of prostate cancer among the African American men, their mortality rate is more than double as compared to the white men. For example, between 2003 and 2007, 54.2 cases of mortality rates were reported for every 100,000 African-American while only 22.3 cases of mortality rates occurred among the white men. In 2001, more than 31,500 deaths due to prostate cancer were reported. Since 2001, at least 221,000 cases of prostate cancer are reported per year (Chronic Disease Indicators, 2012). One of the major obstacles that are affecting the efforts of the medical personnel is lack of early detection guidelines. In the same way, men are hesitant to screening thus making it difficult to curb the diseases during its early stages. In its endeavor to address the challenges faced by the African American men as far as control of prostate cancer is concerned, American Cancer Society, advocates for adoption of two major strategies . First, it recommends that men at the age of 45 years should emulate digital rectal examination (DRE). Secondly, the society recommends for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test for men who are between the ages of 45 and 50 years. Even though a task force that is concerned with prevention services depicts that there is insufficient evidence on the implications of DRE and PSA on the prevention and control of prostate cancer, the task force argues that a strong relationship between doctors and patients should be maintained to ensure that men are interested in undertaking regular screening. Additionally, the task force maintains that PSA is a better strategy of early detection. However, it is still unclear of how early detection

How does a post colonial reading of Jane Eyre expose the authors deep Essay

How does a post colonial reading of Jane Eyre expose the authors deep anxiety regarding the idealogy of imperialism - Essay Example Jane’s Experiences The character of the protagonist Jane Eyre is the center of a struggle that is purely based on class. As an orphan, Jane suffered the consequences of poverty even though she is educated. Getting meager income from being a governess, she found herself in a low social standing -- hence, powerless. As a woman, she also experienced the vicious treatment from men in a patriarchal society (Morris, 1999). Due to these experiences, Jane identified herself with the millions in fervent yet in silent revolution against such inequalities. By studying her dialogues, it can be observed that Jane compared herself to a champion for the slaves who struggled hard for the attainment of freedom and the eradication of oppression, in a very indirect way. In her own terms, she fought against the notion that men are superior to women, and attempted to subdue that men's unjust treatment towards the women can always be justified. Although Jane acknowledged the fact that the social an d economic as well as cultural inequalities are realities that she needed to embrace, she remained firm in her belief that a time will come when ‘people will be liberated from such hell-like conditions’ (Glen, 1997). A feminist in her own right, Jane remarked: Women suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex. (Dunn & Bronte, 2001, p.99) Britain’s Colonial Rule The Victorian era marked Britain’s international expansion of power, wealth and culture. The empire, which included India, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa, Hong Kong Gibraltar, Rhodesia and several islan ds in the West Indies and various colonies in the African coast, was the biggest in the world during the period. Generally, the prevailing attitude of the British about the view that the English was destined to rule the world and that they had the supreme responsibility to instill culture to the ‘uncivilized’ was a key factor in its exploration and subjugation of peoples. This was heavily examined by Bronte, which can be gleaned from her works particularly in Jane Eyre (Berg, 1987). Although the author distanced herself on the issue of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, she still tackled slavery in some of her works. In the novel, Jane eventually inherited the wealth of her uncle which was derived from Madeira, a fictitious British colony. In an honorable manner, she divided the amount and the estates she obtained among her cousins. However, it should be pointed out that because of this inheritance sourced from slave colonies, Jane obtained the freedom that she longed for ( Bell, 2008). Mr. Rochester, Jane’s husband, was depicted to have worked and found his fortune in the West Indies. There, he found himself attracted to a half-Creole and Jamaican-raised Bertha who he saw