Knowledge and Peace :: essays research papers

Knowledge is one of the most important factors in maintaining a peaceful and free society. Knowledge allows a society to plan for the future, while learning from past mistakes. Many great nations have fallen into war and chaos because they did not utilize the wisdom gained from the past. Many societies’ problems were preventable, if people had used the lessons at their disposal and placed emphasis on solving their problems through the use of their intellects, rather than their weapons. A great example of this is the Roman Empire, which allowed many of its problems to grow and fester, before attempting to check them. The Roman Empire was a powerful, seemingly invincible, civilization. Rome thrived in glory for many years, a model civilization admired by all, until it started to fall apart. Many historians argue the factual reasons for Rome’s downfall. Some say it was crime; others say crooked government was the cause. Still others say it was the focus on entertainment and luxuries. All of these problems could have been avoided and peace would have been maintained. Yet, the Romans did not believe that their empire could fall and chose to ignore their problems, believing they would go away on their own. Obviously, that did not happen and, as a result, the Roman Empire fell. In America today we have all of these problems. Are we going to be next to fall? Or, have we gained knowledge and wisdom enough by studying the errors of other nations’ past history to maintain peace in our own time? In Rome, crime made it unsafe to travel, to sell goods, or to go to the market. The Romans ran the risk of being robbed, traveling from place to place. Today, in America, we run the risk of being mugged just going to the store. In some cities it's not safe to go out at night. Stores are always being robbed, vandalized, or destroyed. There is even a murder committed approximately every twenty seconds. Crime is just as much, if not more, of a problem now in America then back during the fall of Rome. We have the knowledge of Rome’s past failures, yet we continue on the same path. If the United States of America does not use Rome’s failure as a guide of what to avoid, the results could be disastrous. Toward the end of Rome, the government was, for the most part, in chaos. Every time the current Emperor died, there was a civil war to decide who would be the next ruler of Rome. The politicians no longer cared about Rome. They became self-centered, and used all their power to better their own lives. Luckily, things in America are not yet that bad.

Reflection on Teaching Essay

In order to challenge my theory of teaching I first need very briefly to define it. When I was taught science it was mostly through direct teaching. Any experiments performed were deductive in nature with very little input from me. When I got to college and I started performing experiments then I suddenly started having little epiphanies where facts I had learned off by heart were unexpectedly connected in ways I hadn’t understood before. So I came to think that this was what was lacking at secondary level, the experimental experience that allowed people to physically test the ‘how’ of the world around them. To put it simply people are innately curious and that exploiting this curiosity is the way to teach. From the moment they learn to talk, children constantly ask questions about everything, from â€Å"where eyebrows come from?† to â€Å"what do worms eat?† Asking questions is the way they find things out and this really is just one small step away from learning. From personal experience of teaching I think that Arnstine (1967) was correct when he said â€Å"the arousal of curiosity can lead to learning†¦for learning to occur, curiosity must be guided†. Designing lessons in such a way as to tap into the natural curiosity of students and to connect the topics on the curriculum with their everyday experiences is surely the best way to teach science. I find enquiry / constructivism extremely interesting as it encapsulates the whole get their attention approach but I think it’s misused by an awful lot of people. I think that analogies and real world examples need to be reflective of the scientific concept yet simple enough that the student can grasp it. Also it requires that the student be actively involved, activities must provide the opportunity to demonstrate learning.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"To instruct someone†¦ is not a matter of getting him to commit results to mind. Rather, it is to teach him to participate in the process that m akes possible the establishment of knowledge. We teach a subject not to produce little living libraries on that subject, but rather to get a student to think mathematically for himself, to consider matters as an historian does, to take part in the process of knowledge-getting. Knowing is a process not a product.† (Bruner. J, The Process of Education: Towards a theory of instruction 1966: 72) So in approaching this assignment I realise that I am an ardent supporter of teaching through enquiry. I agree with Bruners theoretical framework of building on pre-existing knowledge by presenting new material in a logical manner at a level the student can understand, revisiting topic in stages and building layers of ever increasing complexity. I find the concept of a spiral curriculum to be a sensible one, but also to be at odds with the way in which individual schools plan the teaching of science. There is far too much relience on the text book, with strict adherence to the material inside. I prefer to leave the text book at home, for the student to be assigned reading and questions from it for homework so that it is new and different and provides a slightly different aspect to the same topic. At the very least it will provide the same information as was covered in class in a slightly different manner and provoke recall instead of boredom. A consequence of supporting enquiry is an aversion to direct teaching. Those who support direct teaching say that it is a highly effective method of teaching. The basic components are careful content analysis, sequencing of information and use of appropriate examples, specific instructional formats where both teacher and student responses are scripted and testing to mastery. The part that receives the most criticism is the scripted responses. Here is an example I found at Brainsarefun.com http://brainsarefun.com/Teachtk.html EXAMPLE 1. All: Teacher and students touch the answer to be learned. 2. Teacher: â€Å"The answer to this question is, 1492.† 3. Teacher: â€Å"When I signal I want you to answer, 1492.† 4. Teacher: â€Å"The answer is 1492.† 5. Teacher: â€Å"What year did Columbus discover America?† 6. Teacher: â€Å"Get ready.† Watch the students to make sure all participate. 7. Teacher: Signal by pointing or snapping fingers. 8. All: â€Å"1492.† 9. Teacher: â€Å"That’s right, Columbus discovered America in 1492.† 10. Teacher: Reward. â€Å"Good job saying 1492.† Make eye contact with individuals. Smile. 11. Teacher: Next answer, or repeat until everyone is participating and firm. If any student is unable to participate or answer correctly, start at the top of the sequence again. Most teachers believe that this type of teaching is too restrictive and prevents the students from developing critical thinking skills. I have to say that on my first reading of this example of direct teaching I was horrified at the way the students were indoctrinated. I knew that this method of teaching was not for me and I continued to develop my lesson plans along the constructivist enquiry model. I researched guided discovery and found that discovery learning is described as an inquiry-based, constructivist learning theory that occurs in situations where the learner draws on their existing knowledge to discover facts and comprehend relationships. Students interact with the world by manipulating objects, wrestling with questions or performing experiments. As a result, students are more likely to remember concepts and knowledge discovered on their own (in contrast to a transmission / direct teaching model). Proponents of discovery learning say it has many advantages, including encouraging active engagement, promoting motivation, autonomy, responsibility, independence, aiding the development of creativity and problem solving skills and is a tailored learning experience that helps minimize classroom management problems. Detractors point out the amount of time needed to teach a topic and that students do not always achieve the intended outcome of the lesson. That is they may draw erroneous conclusions about the investigation they are engaged in. My action research Now that I have explored my theories on teaching I need to test those theories by comparing the outcomes of direct versus enquiry teaching. Ideally in order to compare the two methods I should keep the conditions of the lessons the same and only change the method of instruction. Rigor would  dictate that I teach two groups of students that have been randomly segregated. The students would be in the same year of secondary school and assumed to be at the same academic level. Ability within each group would be expected to mimic normal distribution with some students excelling and some struggling with the curriculum content. Unfortunately in my teaching practice placement I have one class of first years and one class of second years. I am also following a subject plan laid down by the science department in the placement school, which further restricts my research topic. Hence rather than directly compare and contrast two sets of lesson plans that differ in instruction but not content, I shall attempt to make my methods of instruction the subject of the action research. My intention is to design a number of lesson plans along the guidelines of both approaches and to deliver these lessons as independent of personal bias as possible. I shall assess the success of each lesson plan as a measure of student value and under a number of points such as participation, motivation to learn, interest of students, as well as proficiency in summative tests. Bearing in mind my own learning, I will also be critically examining something about my ability to deliver a constructivist lesson; do I do as I say? In assessing participation of students I will make reference to number, frequency and relevance of questions asked. Time spent on-task will be used to measure motivation and interest as will content of questions asked. In line with standard research methods I established a baseline of knowledge on the topic of energy by giving the students a questionnaire which was designed to probe existing conceptions. (more here on the results of the questionnaire) From my understanding of enquiry teaching there seems to be a number of activities that should feature in my lesson plans and I have tried to incorporate these in the enquiry based lesson plans. I have included a list of these activities here and have also identified them in the appropriate lesson plans. Enquiry activities †¢ Think about scientifically orientated questions that are at an appropriate level and ask ‘how’ rather than ‘why’ (teacher provides questions at first) †¢ Gather and consider evidence using the tools of science †¢ Make explanations based on prior gain fact and ‘new’ knowledge gained through the process of enquiry / evidence gathering †¢ Compare  conclusions to currently scientific understanding and account for differences †¢ Communicate and negotiate their findings and explanations with others After the brainstorming session I jotted down as many of the words and phrases as I could during class. Light, wave, geothermal, heat, renewable, sun, plants, photosynthesis, comes from food, plants make it, atomic bombs, it keeps you moving, you are tired without it, it can change, there’s energy in batteries, joules, oil. Then I asked a series of questions designed to clarify facts that they needed to know (3A6 Energy, 3A7 Energy conversion: Junior Certificate Science Syllabus). From the answers it was clear to me that the students could not distinguish between forms of energy and sources of energy. Because the discussion section of the enquiry lesson plan is open-ended I was able to direct questions and highlight information on the board that students could use to ‘discover facts’. I tried to give minimum guidance but I found that the students were floundering and unsure of what they were trying to accomplish. This was a recurring theme during the discovery lesson plans and it seems to me from my readings that this is the main detracting feature of enquiry instruction. Those who oppose constructivist / enquiry instruction such as Kisherner, Sweller and Clark (2006) argue that minimum guidance during instruction does not work and Clark (1989) goes further to suggest that his data shows that ‘lower aptitude students’ show a loss of learning on post instructional testing. My Conclusion It is essential that the teacher do research work, i.e., he should comb the subject of chemistry from end to end for facts and for methods of exposition that will make such facts live and real to his students. (Patrick, W. A. (1924) What kind of research is essential to good teaching? J. Chemical Education, Volume 1, Issue 1, p16.) I have come to the conclusion that there is a need for direct teaching in the classroom in order to build up foundation of facts in long term memory to provide wellspring of knowledge which can be used to provide data when needed. Enquiry or discovery learning encourages the use of this knowledge so that students can put facts together to think critically. Dewey supported inductive teaching as the way to improve scientific teaching for a better educated society and said science lessons should include learning the process of science not just the facts, (Dewey, 1903). By this I believe he meant that the two methods complement each other and need to be used in tandem. But direct teaching cannot be taken as an excuse for unimaginative lessons recycled every year with minimal input from the teacher needed in the delivery. If investigatory activities are designed deductively, ie have only one conclusion, need more here about factors to consider when designing lesson activities.

Definition and Examples of Consonance Word Sounds

Broadly, consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds; more specifically, consonance is the repetition of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words. William Harmon notes that most so-called eye rhymes (such as word and lord, or blood, food, and good) are instances of consonance, as are the hymnals rhymes between between river and ever or heaven and given (A Handbook to Literature, 2006). See Examples and Observations below. Ten Titillating Types of Sound Effects in LanguageAlliterationAssonanceEuphonyFigure of SoundHomoioteleutonOnomatopoeiaParomoiosisPhonaestheticsRhymeTautophony Etymology From the Latin, agree sounds Examples and Observations The repetition of final consonant sounds, as in First and last, odds and ends, short and sweet, a stroke of luck, or Shakespeares struts and frets is CONSONANCE.(Laurence Perrine, Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, Harcourt, 1978)Some few large men sat in the front parlors, without their collars, Uncles almost certainly, trying their new cigars.(Dylan Thomas, Quite Early One Morning. New Directions, 1954)Consonance in Rap LyricsConsonance  is quite often employed in rap, whether to underscore rhyme or to offer a kind of rhyme substitute. Lauryn Hills lines from the Fugees Zealots show consonance at work alongside rhyme:Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects projectileWhether Jew or Gentile, I rank top percentile,Many styles, More powerful than gamma raysMy grammar pays, like Carlos Santana playsConsonance with one sound (eck) shifts to multisyllable rhymes with another sound (projectile, Gentile, percentile) and then another (gamma rays, grammar pays, Santana plays). The result is as intricate as it is effortless.(Adam Bradley, Book of Rhymes: The Poetics of Hip Hop. BasicCivitas, 2009)Seamus Heaneys Use of Consonance[In Seamus Heaneys poem Oceans Love to Ireland] the plosives i and k also serve to slow our reading, as do the alliteration and consonance of the bs and ds that begin here and continue in the second through fifth lines:Ralegh has backed the maid to a tree As Irelan d is backed to EnglandAnd drives inlandTill all her strands are breathless.We picture a deliberate, proud, unfrenzied man using language and physical strength to overpower the maid.(Karen Marguerite Moloney, Seamus Heaney and the Emblems of Hope, University of Missouri Press, 2007) Pronunciation KON-se-nens Also Known As Half rhyme, slant rhyme

Booker T. Washington. B. Du Bois - 1138 Words

Kent Salas Joseph L. Pendleton English 101 20 November 2014 Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois Essay Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois had significantly different views on how blacks could move towards attaining racial equality during the late nineteenth century in the United States. Washington believed that blacks should work hard to earn economic freedom by means of striving for strong education objectives. Du Bois believed that only political empowerment and voting could end African Americans oppression. Washington had the better solution to the racial inequality issue; if blacks could show whites that they could be valuable members of the workforce, while still experiencing segregation, they would win the respect of whites, which would then lead to them getting civil rights. Du Bois’ solution of demanding black suffrage upon a white population, which was still acclimating itself with the decree of blacks becoming free men, would seemingly end in anger and violence. Washington developed a solution to end racial equality in the United States that solves the problem fr om the ground up, which started first with obtaining the respect of the general white populace, and then leading to more civil rights laws passed by lawmakers. With a vastly different ideas, Du Bois devised a solution that solved the problem from the top down, with lawmakers forcing legislation that would only confuse and anger a white population that was already confused and angry. BodyShow MoreRelatedThe Appropriateness of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois Strategies for Dealing with Problems Faced by African Americans2275 Words   |  10 PagesEssential Question: Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by Black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. Assess the appropriateness of each of these strategies in the historical context in which each was developed. After the period where big businesses operated the country to benefit themselves, the middle class activists began to rise against these unjustRead MoreB. Dubois And Booker T. Washington795 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve in fighting violence with violence or leaving the violence untouched? W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington were two African-American rights activists during the late 1800s and early 1900s. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington had the same idea for the end result of equality for colored people. However, they had very different approaches to reach their desired results. Booker T. Washington believed it was the right idea to approach his issues in a passive manner. However, W.E.B. DuBoisRead MoreBooker T.Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois Essay1184 Words   |  5 PagesW.E.B. Du Bois he said, â€Å"The sincere and passionate belief that somewhere between men and cattle God created a tertium quid, and called it a negro† (Du Bois). In the late 19th and 20th centurie s a strong push for economic and social progress for African-Americans was being made. The prominent leaders of this movement amongst the Black community were Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois, however they had very differing views on how to achieve this goal (PBS.org). Washington and Du Bois essentiallyRead MoreBooker T. Washington Essay examples933 Words   |  4 PagesBooker T. Washington At a time when the Black community is being afforded a free status, but not one of equality, many leaders arise out of the woodwork to appeal to the white governing body for social equality. The transition from the ninetieth century to the twentieth century gives birth to two of these leaders, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. These two men are both working to achieve a common goal, but the roads on which they’re each traveling to get there differ significantlyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Booker T. Washington815 Words   |  4 PagesTwo great leaders in the late 19th and 20th century of the black community were W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. Even after of slavery, African Americans fought for their equal rights and opportunities. During the time of unfair treatments, few people found the courage to speak out on their beliefs for a change. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois regularly coherent their opinions and stand for what they believe is right. However, they sharply disagreed on strategies for black social andRead MoreBooker T. Washington Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pagesposition that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has overcome† –Booker T. Washing. Booker Taliaferro Washington was born in Hale’s Ford, Virginia on April 5th, 1856 to Jane Burroughs and an unknown White man. Washington was married three times. His first wife was Fanni e N. Smith from Malden, West Virginia. Booker and Fannie were married in the summer of 1882 and had one child together named Portia M. Washington. Fannie died two years later in May 1884. The second wife was Olivia A. DavidsonRead MoreEssay on Comparing W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington1350 Words   |  6 PagesComparing W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T Washington had very different views about their culture and country. Du Bois, being born in the North and studying in Europe, was fascinated with the idea of Socialism and Communism. Booker T Washington, on the other hand, was born in the South, and like so many others, had a Black mother and a White father. Thus being born half-white, his views and ideas were sometimes not in the best interest of his peopleRead MoreWashington and Dubois662 Words   |  3 Pages| 1.4.5  Practice:  Washington and DuBois | Practice Assignment | | | | | U.S. History Sem 2 (S3346986) | Garibalde Nunez | | | Points possible:  30 | Date: ______4/22/16______ | | Your Assignment 1. Charts like this one are a great way to compare and contrast. Use this chart to list the strategies of Booker T. Washington (that he did not share with Du Bois) on one side, the strategies of W. E. B. Du Bois (that he did not share with Washington) on the other, and the strategiesRead MoreRacial Segregation, By Booker T. Washington Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesperceptions of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey are going to be compared and contrasted in regards to their individual approach to race relations of the African-American people. Educator and founder of the Tuskegee Institute, Booker T. Washington, is one of the most influential civil rights activists to this day. Washington believed â€Å"no race can prosper till it learns that there is as much dignity in tilling a field as in writing a poem (Washington, Booker T.). By this statementRead MoreBooker T Washingtons View Of Education Essay706 Words   |  3 Pagesdiscrimination hindering their lives, bound by chains of white supremacy. African American prominent influential leaders Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois sought to make a movement during the Gilded Age, fighting for the amelioration of African Americans place in society. Notably, their surrounding atmosphere influenced their political views on the rights for African Americans. Booker T. Washington believed African Americans should accept their unequal positions in society having the belief that they would

Global Code Of Ethics For Tourism - 1067 Words

INTRODUCTION In 1957, an international organization for tourism knows as United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) was established by United Nations. UNWTO was originated from International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organization. UNWTO is an international organization and being the leading international organization in tourism it is responsible for the promotion and sustainable of travel and tourism all over the world. It has 157 countries and 6 territories and more than 500 Affiliate Members representing local government, tourism organization and private sector companies (airlines, hotel groups and tour operators). It also helps others in economic growth, including development and environmental sustainability and also offers leadership and support to the organization in tourism policies all over the world. It encourages all the organizations to implement Global Code of Ethics for Tourism. UNWTO SERVICES AFRICA †¢ UNWTO organized a â€Å"Tourism Investment and Business Forum† for Africa which was held on 21 January 2016 in Madrid, Spain. The Forum’s aim was to promote the development of sustainable tourism in Africa as well as to encourage exchanging on investment between countries and business opportunities within Africa. All the African tourism project leaders and international partners and investors were present in that forum. That Forum was opened to the participation of the Tourism ministers and public and private stakeholders in the African, Middle EastShow MoreRelatedCan Tourism Be Sustainable En the 21st Century1517 Words   |  7 PagesCAN TOURISM BE SUSTAINABLE IN THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY  ? Tourism industry is one of the largest industry of the world in the 21st century, before the oil industry and the automobile industry. It is a vital sector for a lot of countries as it generates jobs and wealth. Nevertheless, Tourism can also engender environmental, social, and cultural degradations as more and more people travel all around the world. There was roughly 935 million of tourists in 2010, and there will be 1.6 billion touristsRead MoreSustainable Tourism2314 Words   |  10 Pagesdefined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO), tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, and other purposes. Key concepts of sustainable development and sustainable tourism, values and ethics of sustainable tourism and the needs of sustainability in all form of tourism shall be discussed in this essay. 2.1 Sustainable Tourism Since World War II, tourism has developed fromRead MoreSustainable Development Is A Mission Of Governance And Private And Civil Society2058 Words   |  9 Pageslast decades tourism industry has been growing rapidly and number of travelers is increasing every day due to transportation improvement and economic growth. According to The World Tourism Organization , international tourist arrivals have grown from 250 million in 1950 to 1087 million in 2013 (UNWTO, 2014). Tourism benefits destinations by increasing the size of the domestic economy or increasing awareness of local environment (Bowen and Pallister, 2001). 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In addition, the codes of ethics help to enhance the moral reasoning of employees while shaping their behaviors towards morally questioning unethical situations. Organizational leaders are encouraged to build cultures of trust with leadership who establish concerning goals employeesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Hospitality and Tourism Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween Hospitality and Tourism: Tourism and hospitality go hand in hand, the hospitality industry offer services like accommodation, transportation, food and beverage, recreation and leisure. Tourism is the activity by the tourists where they engage in travelling to destinations where they want to experience recreational and leisure activities and most of the time avails of accommodation, food and beverage. The hospitality industry is the supplier of the services for tourism. The meaning of hospitalityRead MoreIdentification Of Target Customers And An Analysis Of Their Attributes Essay2103 Words   |  9 PagesIdentification of target customers and an analysis of their attributes. Use the information in the Aboriginal Action Plan and the Aboriginal Tourism in NSW Fact sheet to assist you in documenting attributes. Australian department of tourism did a research in which they have found that many people are coming to experience Australian culture. People who want experience they always look for new and exciting place for experience. According to our unique researches we have found that people from severalRead MoreJan Narveson s Moral Matters1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfield of applied ethics. Narveson s unique, contractarian approach analyzes ideas as diverse as suicide, abortion, sexual ethics and affirmative action. Amongst the more contentious aspects of the thoughts expressed in the book is his view of global poverty. Narveson extends foundationalist, anarcho-capitalist approach to this issue; arguing that while charity is morally virtuous, there is no moral obligation on the part of the global rich or developed nation to alleviate the global poor from theirRead MoreI Am An Plan Of The Next Year During My Master Of Business Management Program1612 Words   |  7 Pages CPD 1102 PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPEMENT AND ETHICS Individual Professional Development Plan Simranjit Singh Student Id 201500154 Date 28/7/15 Dr. Venkatesh Mahadnevan Summary: In this learning and creating system i am composing an plan of the next year during my Master of Business Management program. Most importantly i will expound on myself and after that future viewpoint about my profession. Those i need to exhibit that why this MBA program i chose for making vocation in the comparable bearing.Read MoreClimate Change: Corporate Social Responsibility2592 Words   |  11 PagesBP is a global oil and gas company, supplying its clients with fuel for transportation, power for heat and light, retail services and petrochemicals products for everyday items (BP.com website). They have approximately 79 700 employees, reach over 80 countries in 2010 and revenue of BP corporation in 2010 is 297,107 million dollars (BP annual report, 2010) and each share of BP costs about 41,92 dollar ( Nasdaq.com website, 2011). They are a one of leader international company in global oil and gas

Lombard conception of justice Free Essays

Though it is very little known of the specific details of Lombard life, the Lombard legal codes have been preserved for a modern generation in a Latin document known as the Lombard Laws. The group of editors has arranged a wide collection of readings, related to the progress of Western civilization, from various historical epochs and all regions of Europe under the title Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations. In this book in Chapter 8 called Rome’s Three Heirs: The Byzantine, Islamic, and Early Medieval Worlds we can find a reliable source of information on Lombard legislation concept. We will write a custom essay sample on Lombard conception of justice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Lombard Laws were presented in a codification of the prevailing German customs relating to family, kingship, marriage, social obligation, possessions, and resolving conflicts. These Laws were written down between the middle of the seventh and the middle of the eighth centuries under the direction of several Lombard kings. The earlier laws were issued by King Rothair in 643. The Lombard Laws partially were aimed at avoiding the blood feud or vendetta. This was a kind of traditional form of redress in society at that time. If a member of the clan was wronged, his family would often injure or kill the offending party, launching a blood feud that could last for generations. However, during the transformation to farming life and living in fixed communities, traditional methods of violence and retribution could have disturbed the population too much. Thus the Lombard Kings sought to replace violent blood feuds with a monetary penalty called composition that was paid directly to the person harmed by a crime (or their family). These penalties were expressed in solidi (a monetary unit), and they were closely related to the wergeld (personal worth) of an individual in society. Also the laws served for strict protection of the property and produce of a family. For example crime of selling another man’s property without permission entailed very serious consequences for the infringer – the guilty party is required to return the stolen property eightfold, unless they can proclaim their innocence in front of witnesses. The use of witnesses testifies the increasing sophistication of the Lombard society. These laws are important from historical point of view as far as they present the description of the values and beliefs of early medieval Italians and give the picture of how a new empire is founded (that is a Germanic, illiterate culture merges with a Roman, literate one). References: Brophy, James, et al. Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations. 2nd ed. 2 vols. W.W. Norton and Company, 2002. How to cite Lombard conception of justice, Essay examples

Effective Project Management Methodologies Process †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Effective Project Management Methodologies Process. Answer: Introduction Adaptive methodologies are methodologies that were developed to substitute the traditional methods of system development that followed a predictive approach. Adaptive methodologies were formulated to be used for projects that evolve as the system is developed through a cycle pf phases. Adaptive methodologies adapt to the changes in requirements for projects which are started within uncertain requirements (Icasas, 2014). Adaptive methodologies emphasize on team work where every team member is involved in the development of the project though a special role assigned to that team member. This helps build confidence in team members involved in the development of a project (Olik, 2017). There are many types of adaptive methodologies but this report focuses on The Unified Process (UP) and how it can be used be suited for the development of the Comfort Quilts Limited. The unified process is a process through which a team performs a set of activities aimed at transforming the requirements of a customer to a fully working software system. The unified process is not a definite process which has a set of rules and guidelines which are supposed to be strictly followed but its a customizable framework which can be customized by adding or removing a set of activities on the basis of the needs brought about by the customer and the project, and the resources that are available for the development of the project. The unified process is an adaptive framework that uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to help simplify the project thus making easy for the development team to understand any complexities that may arise in defining requirements of the software (Scott, 2001). Use of UML helps the team of developers to build models that visualize the architecture of the system by showing the structure and the behavior of the system. UML also helps in the actual implementation of the system and documentation of the project as the project continues. The unified process is use case driven. A use case is a sequence of actions that are performed by different actors and internally by the system itself to produce results to achieve a user a goal set by the actors. The actors can be people who are the end users of the system or external systems that interact with the system. For Comfort Quilts Limited, the actors are the customers, suppliers, managers among other end users that interact with the system. The use cases are derived from the end users view or perspective of the system thus the client feels comfortable as he can understand the requirements of the proposed system through the use case diagram. The use cases are expressed in natural language to make it easy for members in the development team and the client team to understand. Use cases are easily understood as they solve complex requirements into less complex requirements thus its easy to trace the requirements throughout the development life cycle. The unified process is architecture-centric. The architecture of a system is the fundamental organization of the whole system. For the develop of Comfort Quilts Limited Information System, architecture will be the fundamental foundation on which the system will be developed. The development team must work to ensure that the development of the system must be done to achieve the desired architecture of the system while addressing the use cases to get the key aspects of the system. Architecture of the proposed system is very important to the development of the project because of the following reasons; Helps stakeholders for example the development team to get the bigger picture. Helps organize the development effort of the development team. Helps facilitate possibilities for reuse of different components of the system. Helps manage an evolving system. Helps guide use cases which drive the architecture of a system. The unified process is incremental and iterative Iteration is a subdivision of the whole project that is released internally to the development team or externally to Comfort Quilts Limited. End of an iteration results to a working version of the system. The system improves in functionality incrementally with every iteration that is completed. Flexible to change in requirements The unified process is able to adapt to changes in requirements as the system is developed iteratively. With each iteration, the development team is able to assess and get a review from the client. The feedback can be used to continually improve the previous iterations or can be incorporated in the next increments thus making it easy to deal with uncertainties that arise in changes in requirements (Scott, 2017). The iterative approach of developing the system followed by the unified process makes it easy for the development team to focus on the most critical risks that arise in the early stages of the development. The risks can be technical risks, architectural risks or requirement risks. Development of a project is done through a sequence of cycles where at the end of every cycle, a new version of the system is released. Every cycle is divided into phases. At the end of every phase a milestone is achieved (Qureshi, 2017). The four phases in every cycle of the unified process are; The inception phase is the phase the development team and the client team work to determine and establish whether it is viable to undertake the project. The elaboration phase is the phase that the project team will determine the ability of the development team to develop the proposed Comfort Quilt Limited System given the schedule constraints, financial constraints including resources and other constraints that may arise when the project commences. The construction phase is the phase the actual development or building of the proposed Comfort Quilts System is done incrementally and iteratively to deliver a working and better version of the system with each increment. The transition phase is the final phase on which the Comfort Quilts information system will be deployed for use by the end users. The unified process is the most suited adaptive methodology as it enables modelling of the proposed system using the unified modelling language which will help in decomposing the requirements of the system into structural and behavioral requirements of the Comfort Quilt Limited system. Event Event Type Trigger Source Activity/Use Case System Response/ Output Destination Fill application External New supplier purchase supplier Fill application Application sent to the supplier Purchase manager View application External New application Purchase manager View application Display details of application Purchase manager Update status of application External Application review Purchase manager Update application status Application status updated Purchase manager Send application review notification Internal Application status update System Send notification email A notification email was sent to the applicant Supplier Make order External New order Purchase manager Make order Order sent to the supplier Supplier View order External New order supplier View order Display order details supplier Process a new order External New order Supplier Process order Order processed successfully Supplier Record Order shipment details External New shipments Purchase manager Record shipment details Shipment details recorded successfully Purchase manager Generate report on individual purchases External Report generation Purchase manager Generate individual purchases report Display report Purchase manager Generate individual shipment reports External Report generation Purchase manager Generate individual shipment report Display report Purchase manager Generate shipping reports External Report generation Purchase manager Generate shipping reports Display report Purchase manager Generate general purchases report External Report generation Owner(Allison William) Generate purchases report Display report Owner (Allison William) Generate shipment arrival date reports External Report generation Owner (Allison William) Generate shipment report Display report Owner (Allison William) Generate Shipping method reports External Report generation Owner (Allison William) Generate shipping method report Display report Owner (Allison William) Use Case ID: U1 Use Case Name: Create supplier Created By: Author Last Updated By: Author Date Created: 20/09/2017 Date Last Updated: 20/09/2017 Actors: Purchase manager Description: Purchase manager approves an application sent by a supplier to add a new customer Trigger: Approve application Preconditions: The supplier must have sent an application Postconditions: The application should be approved or rejected Normal Flow: 1. Purchase manager selects an application sent by a supplier. 2. System displays the application 3. Purchase manager manually reviews the application 4. Purchase manager approves the application 5. System updates the status of the application 6. System sends a notification to the supplier Alternative Flows: 4.1 Purchase manager rejects the application 4.2 Record reason for rejection 4.3 Continue to step 5 Exceptions: Includes: Sending notification Priority: High Frequency of Use: Regularly Business Rules: For a potential supplier to become a supplier to Comfort Quilt limited, the supplier has to send an application Special Requirements: The system validates the application details before they are sent by the sent by the supplier Assumptions: The purchase manager is the only person of reviewing supplier Notes and Issues: The system will have to be configured with a mailing service to send notifications via email so that the supplier can be notified easily on the status of the application References Icasas, P., 2014. 5 More Effective Project Management Methodologies. Easy projects. Available at: https://explore.easyprojects.net/blog/5-effective-project-management-methodologies [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Olik, A., 2017. How to Choose the Right Project Management Methodology. Active Collab LLC. Available at: https://activecollab.com/blog/project-management/how-to-choose-the-right-project-management-methodology [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Qureshi, A., 2017. Project Management Methodologies: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners. Task Que. Available at: https://blog.taskque.com/project-management-methodologies/ [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Scott, K., 2001. Overview of the Unified Process. Inform IT. Available at: https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=24671seqNum=7 [Accessed October 20, 2017]. Scott, L., 2017. What is Adaptive Project Management? PM blog. Available at: https://www.esi-intl.co.uk/blogs/pmoperspectives/index.php/what-is-adaptive-project-management/ [Accessed October 20, 2017].